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苏里格气田东二区气水分布及产水控制因素分析
林孟雄1, 刘立2, 张一果1, 常森1, 夏阳1     
1. 长庆油田分公司第五采气厂地质研究所, 西安 710000;
2. 自然资源部油气资源战略研究中心, 北京 100034
摘要: 针对低孔、低渗的致密砂岩气藏高效持续开发急需解决的气水分布及产水控制因素问题,通过苏里格气田东二区气藏地质和生产动态资料的综合分析,得出以下主要认识:地质构造和生烃强度控制本区气水分布的宏观格局,高产气井绝大多数发育在近烃源岩的低洼部位或微幅构造上;储层物性参数对气水分布起着关键的控制作用,物性好的砂体毛细管阻力小,天然气更易于驱替储集条件好的砂岩储层中的地层水形成气层,研究区气层孔隙度介于7%~14%之间,渗透率为(0.50~2.00)×10-3 μm2;泥岩隔层等因素造成气水分布的复杂化,随着下伏山1段泥岩隔层厚度的增大,对应区域盒8段日产气量减小,日产水量增加;致密砂岩气藏产能受开发方式的影响很大,在气藏合理配产过程中,需要考虑压敏及速敏效应的影响:投产时间越长、配产及生产压差越大,气井出水速率越快,出水量越大。采用水平井开发,可增加气井的泄流面积、减小生产压差、提高产能、降低水气比,可以实现延长无水或低水采气期,从而提高采收率。
关键词: 苏里格气田    气水分布    孔隙度    渗透率    控制因素    开发方式    采收率    
Analysis of Gas-Water Distribution and Water Production Control Factors in the East 2nd Area of Sulige Gas Field
Lin Mengxiong1, Liu Li2, Zhang Yiguo1, Chang Sen1, Xia Yang1     
1. Institute of Geology, No.5 Gas Production Plant, Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710000, China;
2. Oil and Gas Resources Strategic Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100034, China
Abstract: Aiming at the gas and water distribution and control factors needed for the efficient and sustainable development of low-porosity and low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoirs, a comprehensive analysis of gas reservoir geological and production dynamic data was conducted in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field. The results show that:1) the geological structure and the intensity of hydrocarbon generation control the macro-pattern of gas-water distribution in this area, and the gas reservoirs are developed on the low-lying part or micro-structure near the source rocks; 2) the physical parameters of reservoir play a key role in controlling the gas-water distribution; 3) the sand bodies with good physical properties have less capillary resistance, and natural gas is more likely to displace the formation water in sandstone reservoirs to form gas layers. The porosity of the gas layers in the study area is between 7% and 14%, and the permeability is between 0.50×10-3 and 2.00×10-3 μm2. The factors such as mudstone barriers complicate the gas-water distribution. The thickness increase of the mudstone barrier in the first Member of Shanxi Formation leads to the decrease of daily gas production but increase water production in the 8th Member of Shihezi Formation in the corresponding area. It is concluded that the production capacity of tight sandstone gas reservoirs is greatly affected by the development method. The pressure sensitive and velocity sensitive effects should be considered for a reasonable production allocation of gas reservoirs:the longer the production time is, the greater the production pressure difference is, the faster the gas well water production rate, and the larger the water production volume. The horizontal well development can increase the drainage area of gas wells, and it can, in turn, reduce the production pressure difference and the water-gas ratio, increase productivity, and extend the water-free or low-water gas recovery period and recovery ratio.
Key words: Sulige gas field    gas-water distribution    porosity    permeability    control factors    development method    recovery ratio    

0 引言

目前我国已发现的天然气藏大多属于中、低渗透储层,统计表明,我国年天然气总产量的1/5左右来自低孔、低渗的致密砂岩气藏[1]。苏里格东区气田属于典型的低孔、低渗透、低丰度的气田,东二区主要目的层下石盒子组盒8段、山西组山1段纵向多种岩性叠置、横向存在分区性, 以及砂体相对孤立、储层分布连续性差,给气田的开发及后期钻探部署带来很大的难度。随着该气田的深入开发,产水类型逐步复杂化[2-3]。因此,厘清苏东地区主力层段盒8和山1段气水分布及产水控制因素是气田高效持续开发的核心问题。目前,针对盒8段和山1段气水分布及产水控制因素尚无人做过详细的研究,其技术难点表现在气水识别难度较大、水的来源及出水机理的研究还很薄弱等方面。因此,当务之急是从实际生产数据入手,对气水分布及产水控制因素进行分析,系统劈分出产水井的层位及产量并分析出水原因。

1 地质控制因素分析 1.1 工区概况及生产需求

苏里格气田东区地处内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市乌审旗和陕西省榆林市榆阳区境内,南接乌审旗和靖边气田,东邻榆林气田。区域构造位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中北部和伊盟隆起南部(图 1)。苏里格气田东区勘探面积约11 000 km2。目的层位为下石盒子组盒8段、山西组山1段,兼探上石盒子组盒4段、盒6段,山西组山2段,本溪组及下古生界生界马家沟组马54层(图 2),具典型的多层系含气特征[1-3]。本次研究工区主要为东二区,面积约3 000 km2,研究目的层位为下石盒子组盒8段和山西组山1段。苏里格气田东区积液井数逐年攀升,占气田总井数73%。产水已经成为困扰苏东区块开发的一大难题,给气田开发动态分析、气藏评价及井位加密部署带来一定的困难,迫切需要对产水有一个彻底的认识。在此基础上,进行控水增气,以达到延长无水或低水采气期、提高采收率和科学开发天然气藏的目的。

图 1 苏里格气田东二区地理位置图 Fig. 1 Geographical map of in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field
图 2 苏里格气田东二区地层综合柱状图 Fig. 2 Comprehensive histogram of strata in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field
1.2 构造和气源条件的控制作用

苏里格气田东二区(以下简称“苏东二区”)上古生界烃源岩主要发育于海陆交互相的石炭系—二叠系含煤层系,具广覆式沉积特征;烃源岩主要以山西组、太原组和本溪组煤层、暗色泥岩为主,太原组和本溪组石灰岩次之。苏东二区平均含气饱和度山13层为61.37%,山12层为60.57%,山11层为58.87%,盒8段为57.67%,盒8段为55.73%,山1段至盒8段累计产气量见图 3。距烃源岩最近的山1段天然气充注程度最高,具向上含气饱和度呈逐渐降低的趋势,具有近距离成藏、垂向充注的运移及富集特征[4-7]。本区生烃强度分布在(8~28)×108 m3/km2之间,产量高的层位均位于南部生烃强度高值区,生烃强度高值区水气比相对较低,生烃强度明显控制了苏东地区宏观的气水分布。根据盒8底部反射层及钻井资料分析,苏东二区的区域构造为一宽缓的西倾斜坡(图 3),坡降一般为3~10 m/km。在单斜背景上发育着多排近北东向的低缓鼻隆,鼻隆幅度一般为10~20 m,宽度为3~6 km。通过研究发现,工区的高产气井绝大多数发育在微幅构造的高点上,部分发育在近烃源岩的低洼部位,说明构造和气源条件控制了气水分布的宏观格局。

图 3 苏里格气田东二区上古生界盒8底构造与盒8段产气量叠合图 Fig. 3 Overlapping map of the bottom structure of He8 and the gas production in the lower section of He8 in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field
1.3 储层物性对气水分布的控制作用

致密砂岩储层物性对于气井产气及出水影响很大。研究表明,天然气的充注与储层的物性明显相关,物性好的砂体毛细管阻力小,天然气更易于驱替储集条件好的砂岩储层中的地层水,形成气层;物性稍差的砂体毛细管阻力相对较大,天然气可驱替部分地层水,形成含气水层;而物性最差的砂体毛细管阻力很大,天然气通常难以进入,形成水层[8-12]。研究区内有效储层孔隙度主要分布在5%~18%之间,平均为9%;渗透率主要分布在(0.10~5.00)×10-3 μm2之间,平均为0.70×10-3 μm2。气层段均为孔渗条件较好的砂岩体,气水层及含气水层孔渗相对中等,孔隙度介于7%~14%之间,渗透率为(0.50~2.00)×10-3 μm2之间。利用百余口钻井、录井及测井资料统计了山1段至盒8段发育的干层、气层、含气层、气水层及含气水层,统计结果(图 4)证实,绝大多数气层、气水层、含气水层均分布在高于物性下限值所决定的范围之中,干层、含气层多分布在物性下限值以下的范围,说明物性参数对气水分布起着关键的控制作用。

图 4 苏里格东二区上古生界孔渗交汇图 Fig. 4 Confluence map of Upper Paleozoic pores in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field
1.4 泥岩隔层对气水分布的控制作用

本区古河道的迁移,造成气藏具有砂泥交互的沉积格局,上覆泥岩为致密砂岩提供了良好的盖层及侧向封堵条件;同时泥岩隔层的发育,也造成储层纵向上的储层非均质性,使得气水在储层中的分布复杂化[13-18]。本次研究结果表明,下伏山1段泥岩隔层厚度对上部盒8段的产气量具有明显的控制作用。由图 5可以看出,随着山1段泥岩隔层厚度的增大,盒8段日产气量有减小的趋势;说明下伏山1段的厚层泥岩抑制了深部烃源岩生成的天然气向盒8段充注,即山1段泥岩厚的区域,其上部盒8段的天然气充注程度低,导致气井产气量低。

图 5 盒8段日产气量与山1段泥岩隔层厚度交会图 Fig. 5 Cross plot of the daily gas production in He8 and the mudstone barrier thickness in Shan1
2 生产方式的控制作用 2.1 配产及生产压差对气井产水的控制作用

配产和生产压差对气井产水具有很大影响。在气藏合理配产过程中,需要考虑压敏及速敏效应的影响。配产越低,对储层的伤害越小;另一方面,产量要能满足携液要求。气井配产低可以有效降低由于压敏效应在井筒附近形成的附加压力损失,扩大压降作用范围,使低渗区动力更充分,提高单井采出程度。生产压差过大,会增加层内水的出水量和出水速率[19-21]。实践表明,控制产量的生产井,生产动态优于放压生产井。苏东27-30H2井目的层盒8段,试气日产气15.8×104 m3/d,无阻流量31.3×104 m3/ d;初期配产4.0×104 m3/ d,稳定生产37 d;之后配产调整为8.0×104 m3/ d,气井开始出水,日产水约15.0×104m3/d,持续约59 d,累产水740.4×104 m3;再之后配产调整为4.5×104 m3/d,气井稳定生产,截至目前累计产气量3 854.4×104 m3。根据苏里格气田气井分类标准,无阻流量大于10.0×104 m3/d的为Ⅰ类高产气井,对于这类高产气井按照经验法配产,其配产为无阻流量的1/6~1/4,配产调整后的4.5×104 m3/d更接近于无阻流量的1/6,配产合理。当开井生产时,井筒天然气的流速未达到临界携液流速,因此气井能够稳定生产较长时间产气而不出水(图 6)。

图 6 苏东27-30H2井生产及油、套压随时间变化曲线 Fig. 6 Variation of production and casing pressure over time for Well Sudong 27-30H2
2.2 开发井类型对产水的控制作用

水平井开发气,可增加气井的泄流面积、减小生产压差、降低水气比,最终实现延长无水或低水采气期,从而达到提高采收率[22-23]。经地质统计计算:盒8段水平井产气量是直井的5.6倍,盒8段水平井产气量是直井的3.3倍,山1段水平井产气量是直井的4.5倍(图 7)。单井累产水较直井有所提高:盒8段水平井产水量是直井的2.5倍,盒8段水平井产水量是直井的1.6倍,山1段水平井产水量是直井的1.9倍(图 8)。

图 7 苏东二区直井与水平井单井累产气柱状对比图 Fig. 7 Histogram of single well cumulative gas production of vertical wells and horizontal wells in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field
图 8 苏东二区直井与水平井单井累产水柱状对比图 Fig. 8 Histogram of single well cumulative water production of vertical wells and horizontal wells in the East 2nd area of Sulige gas field

本区采用水平井开发,水气比与直井相比有明显降低:盒8段水平井是直井的0.45,盒8段水平井是直井的0.48,山1段水平井是直井的0.41。说明本区采用水平井开发气藏,单井累产气较直井有较大提高,平均单井水气比降低一半以上,增产及避水效果明显。

3 结论

1) 地质构造和生烃强度控制本区气水分布的宏观格局,高产气井绝大多数发育在近烃源岩的低洼部位或微幅构造高点上;天然气更易于在储集条件好的砂岩储层中的形成气层,本区气层储层物性孔隙度介于7%~14%之间,渗透率在(0.50~2.00)×10-3 μm2之间;泥岩隔层等因素造成气水分布的复杂化。

2) 苏东二区致密砂岩气藏产能开发方式影响很大。在气藏合理配产过程中,需要考虑压敏及速敏效应的影响。配产越低,对储层的伤害越小。实践表明,控制出水产量的生产井,生产动态优于放压生产井。

3) 投产时间、配产方式及生产压差等因素直接影响气井产能及气井出水类型。采用水平井开发,可增加气井的泄流面积、减小生产压差、提高产能、降低水气比,可以实现延长无水或低水采气期,从而提高采收率。

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http://dx.doi.org/10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20190316
吉林大学主办、教育部主管的以地学为特色的综合性学术期刊
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文章信息

林孟雄, 刘立, 张一果, 常森, 夏阳
Lin Mengxiong, Liu Li, Zhang Yiguo, Chang Sen, Xia Yang
苏里格气田东二区气水分布及产水控制因素分析
Analysis of Gas-Water Distribution and Water Production Control Factors in the East 2nd Area of Sulige Gas Field
吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2020, 50(2): 627-634
Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 2020, 50(2): 627-634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20190316

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收稿日期: 2019-12-27

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