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  国际放射医学核医学杂志  2018, Vol. 42 Issue (6): 541-546.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2018.06.012
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徐鑫, 邓胜明, 李继会, 张玮. 18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌分期、复发检测及预后评估中的应用价值[J]. 国际放射医学核医学杂志 , 2018, 42(6): 541-546. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2018.06.012
Xu Xin, Deng Shengming, Li Jihui, Zhang Wei. Progress in research on the use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the staging, recurrence detection, and prognosis evaluation of patients with gastric carcinoma[J]. Int J Radiat Med Nucl Med, 2018, 42(6): 541-546. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2018.06.012

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张玮, Email:sdfyyzw336@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-01-10
18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌分期、复发检测及预后评估中的应用价值
徐鑫, 邓胜明, 李继会, 张玮     
215000, 苏州大学附属第一医院核医学科
摘要:胃癌是最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤。18F-FDG PET/CT作为一项集正电子发射断层扫描与计算机断层扫描于一体的成像模式,被广泛地应用于胃癌的诊断、分期、复发、疗效的评估及生存预后。笔者就18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌的分期、复发及预后中的价值进行综述,以了解18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌临床应用中的新进展。
关键词: 胃肿瘤     正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术     氟脱氧葡萄糖F18    
Progress in research on the use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the staging, recurrence detection, and prognosis evaluation of patients with gastric carcinoma
Xu Xin, Deng Shengming, Li Jihui, Zhang Wei     
Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
Corresponding author: Zhang Wei, Email:sdfyyzw336@163.com
Abstract: Gastric cancer is the most common malignancy of the digestive tract worldwide.18F-FDG PET/CT is a novel imaging technique that combines the functional data of PET with the morphological information of CT. It is widely used in the diagnosis and staging of patients with gastric cancer. It is also used to evaluate the recurrence rates, chemotherapy response, and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. To understand new trends in the clinical application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in gastric cancer, this article provides a review of the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the staging and evaluation of the recurrence and prognosis of gastric cancer.
Key words: Stomach neoplasms     Positron emission tomography computed tomography     Fluorodeoxyglucose F18    

胃癌是全世界较常见的恶性肿瘤,位居世界范围内因肿瘤相关致死疾病的第二位,每年约70万人死于胃癌[1]18F-FDG PET/CT作为一项非侵入性检查方法被广泛用于恶性肿瘤的诊断、分期、化疗反应的评估和术后复发的检测[2-3]。近年来,随着显像技术的提高与治疗手段的不断更新,18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌中的应用越发广泛。本文旨在就18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌分期、复发及预后评估中的新趋势进行综述,以为临床医师提供最新的参考材料。

1 18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌分期中的价值

目前,根治性手术联合淋巴结清扫仍然是治疗胃癌的主要手段[4]。但部分晚期胃癌患者不会从手术干预中获益[5]。因此,包括局部浸润深度、淋巴结及远处转移在内的精准分期对于胃癌患者的临床管理和手术计划至关重要[4]

1.1 原发灶的诊断

相较于其他常规的影像学检查,如B超、CT等,18F-FDG PET/CT广泛应用于各种恶性肿瘤的诊断,但是18F-FDG PET/CT检测胃癌原发灶的整体灵敏度低于大多数其他恶性肿瘤,因此其在胃癌诊断中的临床价值仍有争议[4, 6]。一部分原因是18F-FDG PET/CT的空间分辨率较低,限制了其在T分期中的作用[6]。有研究表明,超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)在T分期方面较18F-FDG PET/CT优势明显,其T分期和再分期的总体准确率分别为78.0%和80.2%[7]。且EUS在区分T1~T2期和T3~T4期时显示了良好的准确率,同时提高了再分期的准确率,而18F-FDG PET/CT由于技术手段的限制并不能很好地区分病灶浸润的深度,故现阶段胃癌精准的T分期仍以EUS为主。在胃癌的诊断方面,一项研究表明18F-FDG PET/CT诊断胃癌原发灶的灵敏度和特异度分别为81.58%和85.71%[8],与Ma等[9]的研究结果相近,其灵敏度和特异度分别为92.9%和75.0%。同时Altini等[8]也比较了18F-FDG PET/CT与CT对胃癌的诊断价值,得出结论:两种显像模式的灵敏度及特异度无明显统计学差异,均具有良好的诊断效能。但前两者研究的病例样本中晚期胃癌患者居多,对于早期胃癌的诊断,18F-FDG PET/CT总体灵敏度仍然偏低。Youn等[10]回顾性分析了396例治疗前的胃癌患者,18F-FDG PET/CT对早期胃癌诊断的灵敏度仅为20.7%,对晚期胃癌诊断的灵敏度为74.2%。Minamimoto等[11]对行健康筛查的15 377例无明显临床症状的患者进行研究,选取其中790例胃癌可能的患者(任何筛查手段怀疑胃癌可能的患者),经过最终随访及病理学结果证实胃癌患者124例,大多数为早期胃癌,其中仅47例由18F-FDG PET/CT检出,检测灵敏度为37.9%。

18F-FDG PET/CT在晚期胃癌的诊断价值逐渐被认可,但其对胃癌早期的诊断效能仍存在争议,分析原因如下:①胃壁生理性的18F-FDG摄取较高,在空腹状态下,正常胃壁显像中,38.0%显示为18F-FDG中等摄取,59.5%显示为18F-FDG摄取活跃[12],较高的生理性摄取很大程度上影响了核医学医师的读片和判断,部分学者提出了充盈胃壁和抑制平滑肌的收缩以及在PET和CT图像采集期间限制胃肠道的蠕动可以降低胃壁的生理性摄取,从而改善18F-FDG PET/CT胃癌的诊断效能[4, 6, 13]。Lee等[13]通过喝水充盈胃壁前后行区域18F-FDG PET/CT显像,结果显示,灵敏度分别为50%和75%,明显改善了诊断效能;但是Minamimoto等[11]则通过口服牛奶和泛影葡胺混合物充盈胃壁行前后显像对比,结果显示,灵敏度和特异度分别为92.9%、75.0%和91.1%、91.7%,两者差异无统计学意义,故此他们认为胃壁充盈不能明显改善18F-FDG PET/CT的诊断效能。两项研究结果存在差异的原因可能为样本组成不同带来的抽样误差:前者的研究中共48例患者,其中23例为早期胃癌患者,故胃壁充盈前显像的灵敏度较低,充盈后灵敏度的提高显著,而后者胃壁充盈前诊断的灵敏度及特异度本身较高,充盈后显像诊断效能虽有提高,但无明显统计学意义。但部分研究仍然支持可疑胃癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT显像前充分充盈胃壁可以减少诊断的假阳性,还可以准确地描述病变的部位[6, 13]。②18F-FDG不是肿瘤特异性的示踪剂,胃内良性病变,如胃炎、平滑肌瘤及息肉等均有中等至活跃的18F-FDG摄取,致使与原发灶的18F-FDG摄取难以鉴别[4]。③多数研究报道,部分胃癌的病理类型(印戒细胞癌、黏液腺癌)对18F-FDG的摄取普遍偏低[5, 14-15],这可能与细胞内惰性黏液含量及葡萄糖转运蛋白1的低表达相关[15],Lauren分型中非肠型18F-FDG摄取也显著低于肠型胃癌[5, 16-17],即特殊的病理学分型在一定程度上也影响了18F-FDG PET/CT的诊断效能。充分充盈胃壁及双时像显像并不能有效地解决特殊病理学类型18F-FDG摄取偏低的问题,在临床的实际应用中,其他检查手段怀疑胃癌可能较大而18F-FDG PET/CT显像阴性时,Minamimoto等[11]建议结合胃镜予以综合诊断。

1.2 淋巴结的诊断

淋巴结转移是胃癌的重要预后因素之一,精确的分期是胃癌淋巴结清扫的必要性和可行性的基础[6]。对于胃癌N分期,18F-FDG PET/CT诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为24.6%~66.0%和85.7%~97.0%[4, 13, 16, 19-20],CT诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为69.7%~90.0%和73.9%~92.0%[18-20]。CT诊断淋巴结转移的标准严格依赖于淋巴结的大小,虽然淋巴结的形态学改变与转移之间存在一定的相关性,但是反应性或炎性改变引起的淋巴结良性肿大在胃癌患者中仍很常见[21]。多数研究报道了18F-FDG PET/CT相较于CT对淋巴结转移的诊断灵敏度较低但特异度更高[4, 18-19],Yun等[6]研究认为18F-FDG PET/CT检测胃癌N2期和N3期的特异度明显优于CT和MRI;18F-FDG PET/CT诊断淋巴结的灵敏度低,其原因为部分转移性淋巴结可能小于3 mm,而18F-FDG PET/CT的空间分辨率较低,容易遗漏部分直径小于3 mm的转移性淋巴结。尽管灵敏度较低,18F-FDG PET/CT显像的特异度仍然高于大多数常规成像模式,因为18F-FDG PET/CT是通过淋巴结的糖酵解水平而不是依据形态学的变化来评估淋巴结转移的[4]。在最新的一项“一对一”的研究中,胃癌患者手术当天上午注射18F-FDG,术中取淋巴结活检,当天下午分别测量每个淋巴结的放射性、大小并行组织病理学分析,通过最简单直观的“一对一”研究方法证实了在评估淋巴结有无转移时,相较于淋巴结的直径,其对18F-FDG的摄取是一个更有意义的参数[22],故在淋巴结转移的诊断上,18F-FDG PET/CT相较于其他常规观察形态学变化的影像学检查手段能提供更多的临床信息。另一项研究则通过多因素分析结果表明:原发肿瘤的SUVmax可作为胃癌淋巴结转移的独立预测因素[23],建议胃肠外科医师,在18F-FDG PET/CT显像中,当原发灶的SUVmax较高时,应更加重视淋巴结清扫。但此类研究较少,未来需要更多的回顾性分析予以佐证,且患者已行18F-FDG PET/CT显像,则原发灶及淋巴结的SUVmax均能得到,故原发灶的SUVmax只能作为参考指标之一。

1.3 远处转移的诊断

胃癌最常见的远处转移部位包括肝脏、肺、骨骼、肾上腺和腹膜等[8]。在一项研究中,18F-FDG PET/CT对远处转移检测的灵敏度、特异度和阳性预测值分别为66.7%、99.2%和88.0%[19],在另一项研究中,18F-FDG PET/CT在实体器官(肺、肝癌、骨及肾上腺等)远处转移方面具有良好的诊断效能,灵敏度和特异度达到了95.2%和100%。总的来说,18F-FDG PET/CT对胃癌远处转移的诊断效能良好。然而其在腹膜转移的检测方面明显受限,Wang等[24]报道的18F-FDG PET/CT检测腹膜转移的灵敏度只有28%,Choi等[26]也报道了18F-FDG PET/CT和CT检测腹膜转移的灵敏度不高,分别为22%和44%。与传统CT成像相比,多数研究认为18F-FDG PET/CT对胃癌腹膜播散诊断的灵敏度较低[4, 6, 25],原因可能为:大多数腹膜转移性病变影像学上表现为腹膜增厚或小结节病变,因此,分辨率较低的18F-FDG PET/CT对腹膜转移病灶的检测灵敏度相对较低[27]。尽管如此,Torre等[1]仍然坚持18F-FDG PET/CT可以用于腹膜转移的检测,特别是当CT结果模棱两可时,能够避免部分不必要的剖腹手术。

在骨转移方面,全身骨显像越来越广泛地被用于骨转移的诊断,Ma等[28]比较了18F-FDG PET/CT与全身骨扫描对胃癌诊断的效能,他们发现骨转移的灵敏度和特异度相似(93.5% vs. 93.5%,25.0% vs. 37.5%);亚组分析中,在同时性骨转移(首次诊断胃癌时即有骨转移)的诊断方面,18F-FDG PET/CT的检测效能优于骨扫描,在异时性骨转移(确诊胃癌时未发现骨异常,经过一段时间的治疗或手术后复发证实骨骼存在转移)的诊断方面,两者的诊断效能相似。此类研究相对较少,未来有待前瞻性的研究进一步证实。

2 18F-FDG PET/CT诊断胃癌复发的价值 2.1 PET/CT对胃癌复发的诊断效能

胃癌根治术后,28%~47%的患者可能复发,术后的辅助化疗一定程度上降低了复发率,复发往往预示着不良的预后和生存[29-30],因此对胃癌术后复发的监测是患者管理的重要组成部分,及早地发现复发并予以适当治疗手段干预对于提高患者的生活质量具有重要意义。早期胃癌的复发率明显低于晚期胃癌[14],在一项回顾性分析中发现,190例根治术后的胃癌患者,其中115例早期胃癌患者有5例复发(4.3%),75例晚期胃癌患者中14例复发(18.67%),18F-FDG PET/CT检测到16.0%的晚期胃癌复发和3.5%的早期胃癌复发[31],因此在胃癌的治疗随访中,18F-FDG PET/CT对于检测晚期胃癌复发的价值更大。一项Meta分析[32]报道了18F-FDG PET/CT诊断胃癌复发的整体灵敏度和特异度分别为78%和82%,与Zou等[35]的Meta分析研究结果相似,分别为86%和88%,即18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌术后复发的诊断中具有中度灵敏度和特异度。其他研究报道的18F-FDG PET/CT的灵敏度及特异度更高,为84.2%~95.9%和79.5%~100%[33-34]。多数研究认为18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌术后复发的监测中仍具有重要的临床价值,尤其是晚期胃癌。

2.2 PET/CT诊断无明显临床症状胃癌复发患者的价值及其影响因素

胃癌的复发多伴上腹部不适,消化道出血等临床症状,对于无明显临床症状的复发患者,难以早期发现,继而导致预后不良。Lee等[31]研究了18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌根治术后无明显症状患者复发中的临床价值,结果发现,其灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为84.2%、87.7%、43.2%和98.0%,与另一项研究[36]的结果相近,上述指标分别为100%、88.1%、44.4%和100%,两项研究的灵敏度、特异度及阴性预测值均较高,阳性预测值均较低,故18F-FDG PET/CT对于无明显临床症状的胃癌复发患者的检测具有良好的诊断效能。分析阳性预测值较低的可能原因为:①胃癌术后吻合口的复发与生理性摄取或术后炎症改变难以区分,Choi等[37]回顾性分析了胃癌根治术后1年内经多次(≥3次)18F-FDG PET/CT显像的患者,3次18F-FDG PET/CT显像吻合口的SUVmax均明显高于残胃,且每次吻合口SUVmax、残胃SUVmax及吻合口与残胃SUVmax的比值均无明显的统计学差异,故胃癌根治术后吻合口的复发有时与生理性或者部分良性病变难以鉴别;②胃癌术后解剖结构的改变在一定程度上也影响了核医学医师的读片[4],而18F-FDG PET/CT较低的空间分辨率进一步限制了其诊断效能。

3 18F-FDG PET/CT对胃癌的预后价值 3.1 SUVmax在胃癌预后中的价值

目前,虽然胃癌的发病率逐年降低,分期方式逐步精确以及治疗手段不断更新,但胃癌患者的生存预后仍然不理想,生存率仅为20%~25%[38-39]。由于预后不佳,各种评估预后的生物指标及检查参数被广泛应用于临床的患者管理中。肿瘤的分期、淋巴结的转移、肿瘤大小均是重要的预后因素[30, 40-41],大部分研究报道了胃癌原发灶高的18F-FDG摄取也是胃癌患者不良预后的标志[40, 42-43],尽管各个研究的样本组成不尽相同,但是原发灶高的SUVmax与胃癌患者不良预后的关系已被多次证实。一项荟萃分析也表明,治疗前原发灶的SUVmax是胃癌患者无进展生存时间和总体生存时间重要的预后因素[44]。原发灶SUVmax越高,葡萄糖代谢越活跃,细胞增殖周期缩短,侵袭性越强,累及邻近组织的远处转移可能性越大,故总体预后不良。

3.2 PET/CT其他相关参数在胃癌预后中的价值

近年来,部分研究结果发现,在行18F-FDG PET/CT检查时,使用最广泛的SUVmax的二维测量值并不能准确反应全身肿瘤的代谢活动;相反,体积参数如肿瘤糖酵解总量(total lesion glycolysis,TLG)、肿瘤的代谢体积(metabolic tumour volume,MTV)等三维测量指标能够更好地反应全身肿瘤的负荷情况[44],先前的研究[4]也证实了TLG和MTV对恶性肿瘤评估治疗反应及预后的预测有良好的灵敏度和特异度,Park等[45]通过多因素分析表明:TLG>600 cm3、MTV>100 cm3的无进展生存时间和总体生存时间明显缩短,体积参数MTV和TLG相较于SUVmax具有较好的预后价值。另一项研究也表明,TLG为无复发生存率和总生存率的独立预后因素[40],但两者的样本数均较少,未来还需要进行大规模的临床试验来进一步评估体积参数的临床价值;其次,相较于简单直观的SUVmax,TLG与MTV的测量显得更为繁琐,具体临床实用价值还有待商榷。其他研究报道的节点SUVmax(转移淋巴结的SUVmax)也是预测无进展生存时间和总体生存时间的独立预后因素[45-46]

4 结论

基于目前的文献回顾内容,18F-FDG PET/CT诊断胃癌原发灶的灵敏度较低,可能与胃壁较高的生理性摄取有关,显像前充分充盈胃壁可以清晰地显示病变部位并改善诊断效率;18F-FDG PET/CT相较于CT对淋巴结转移诊断的灵敏度较低但特异度更高,相较于淋巴结形态学的改变,18F-FDG的摄取更具临床意义;除腹膜转移外,18F-FDG PET/CT对于胃癌远处转移有良好的诊断效能,对腹膜转移的灵敏度偏低;18F-FDG PET/CT对胃癌术后复发的诊断具有重要的临床价值,术后吻合口的18F-FDG摄取在一定程度上影响了18F-FDG PET/CT的诊断;原发灶高的SUVmax是预测患者预后的重要因素,体积参数(MTV、TLG)与预后的关系有待大规模的临床研究进一步证实。

利益冲突 本研究由署名作者按以下贡献声明独立开展,不涉及任何利益冲突。

作者贡献声明 徐鑫负责方法的建立、数据的统计分析和论文的撰写;邓胜明、李继会、张玮负责论文的修订和审阅。

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