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钞卫光, 张晶, 陆克义. 分化型甲状腺癌腹盆部131I显像假阳性分析[J]. 国际放射医学核医学杂志 , 2017, 41(5): 370-373. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2017.05.012
Chao Weiguang, Zhang Jing, Lu Keyi. Analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer false-positive uptake in abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity on radioiodine whole-body scan[J]. Int J Radiat Med Nucl Med, 2017, 41(5): 370-373. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2017.05.012

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陆克义, Email:lu-ky@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-06-19
分化型甲状腺癌腹盆部131I显像假阳性分析
钞卫光, 张晶, 陆克义     
030001 太原, 山西医科大学第一医院核医学科
摘要:全身131I显像时,除了甲状腺组织、分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)转移及复发灶显影外,非甲状腺组织来源的假阳性病变也常不同程度地摄取131I而显影。探讨DTC患者腹盆部非甲状腺组织来源的假阳性病变摄取131I的不同原因,分析其可能存在的病变信息,可以给临床诊疗提供必要的帮助,笔者就有关腹盆部131I显像假阳性研究进行综述。
关键词: 分化型甲状腺癌     碘放射性同位素     腹盆腔     假阳性    
Analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer false-positive uptake in abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity on radioiodine whole-body scan
Chao Weiguang, Zhang Jing, Lu Keyi     
Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
Corresponding author: Lu Keyi; Email:lu-ky@163.com
Abstract: When it comes to 131I radioiodine whole-body scan, normal thyroid tissue and differentiated thyroid cancer(DTC) can uptake radioiodine, so does the non-thyroid tissue to some extent. The understanding of the possible explanations for the abnormal radioiodine uptake in the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity tissue on I-131 radioiodine whole-body scan is of great importance to clinical diagnosis. The relevant reports about this field are reviewed.
Key words: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma     Iodine radioisotopes     Abdominal and pelvic cavity     False-positive    

全身131I显像用于诊断分化型甲状腺癌(differ-entiated thyroid cancer,DTC)患者有无转移及复发,对DTC分期、疗效评价和预测预后有重要价值。全身131I显像具有很高的灵敏度,但特异度不高,如无法区分非甲状腺组织来源的假阳性病变以及病变不能精确定位等。DTC全身131I显像有两种,一种为服用111~185 MBq 131I后48~72 h采集的诊断性全身显像(diagnostic whole body scan,Dx-WBS),另一种为常规大剂量131I治疗后2~10 d进行的治疗性全身显像(posttreatment whole body scan,Rx-WBS),后者所用的131I剂量远高于前者,可发现较多病灶和新病灶,是对DTC进行再分期和确定131I治疗适应证的基础[1]。随着SPECT/CT 逐渐普及,其能提供更丰富的解剖信息和定位信息,有效提高诊断的特异度[2]。本文就DTC患者全身131I显像中腹盆部假阳性摄取研究进行综述。

1 非肿瘤疾病 1.1 肝胆系统疾病

全身131I显像肝脏弥漫性摄取很常见,但其机制尚不明确。Oh 和Ahn[3]研究发现,DTC患者肝脏弥漫性摄取Rx-WBS较Dx-WBS发生概率大,131I治疗后延迟显像(8~10 d)较早期显像(4~5 d)发生概率大,其差异可能与肝脏摄取或排泄131I的生物学特性有关。Omür等[4]的大样本研究结果表明,肝脏弥漫性摄取与服用131I的剂量、肝酶水平、肝脂肪变性呈正相关,与血清甲状腺球蛋白水平、残留甲状腺组织的摄取程度、是否存在局部或远处转移灶无相关性。Jun 等[5]研究发现,在发生远处转移的DTC患者中,肝转移病灶多为局灶性131I增高浓聚影,并且出现的时间较早;另外,研究发现肝脏弥漫性高摄取与随后的血清甲状腺球蛋白百分比降低相关,提示肝脏弥漫性高摄取可能是DTC患者疾病缓解的预测因素之一。

胆囊也是一个常见的摄取131I的非甲状腺组织。Seok等[6]研究发现胆囊的131I摄取与其服用剂量和行Rx-WBS的时间有关,胆囊显影发生在131I治疗后1~2周,而在Dx-WBS上胆囊显影一般不常见。如果131I治疗后Rx-WBS胆囊显影且浓聚持续增加,这种情况多提示胆囊可能出现形态和功能的异常。另外,炎性病灶局部毛细血管扩张,白细胞浸润,髓过氧化物酶诱导碘的有机化,致使含碘白细胞在炎性病灶内聚集继而引起胆囊炎,摄取131I。急慢性胆囊炎均可摄取131I,因此易被误诊为DTC肝转移灶,需结合临床病史和解剖定位进行诊断[7]

1.2 胃肠道系统疾病

Wapnir 等[8]发现胃、结肠等组织器官正常情况下可以表达钠-碘转运体(sodium-iodide symporter,NIS),其相应的恶性肿瘤也可表达NIS,继而摄取131I。正常情况下,服用131I后胃黏膜能分泌131I,同时胃液进入肠道,可导致肠道显影。Meckels憩室异位胃黏膜的发生概率超过80%,其肠道蠕动异常或内容物淤积导致Meckels憩室出现131I显影的假阳性[9]。胃肠道扭转后上端胃肠部可呈现弥漫性131I浓聚,此为胃内131I分泌物滞留所致[10]。正常阑尾摄取131I的病例也有报道,考虑与胃肠道分泌物的潴留有关[11]

1.3 泌尿系统疾病

肾脏是碘的主要排泄器官,人体每天摄入的碘85%经尿液排出,10%经粪便排出(主要是有机碘),余下少量由汗液等排泄。因此,全身131I显像上,正常肾脏可以显影。异位肾由于位置异常,常被误认为是腹腔异常的DTC转移灶,一般从前后位影像上可加以分辨,特殊部位可行SPECT/CT加以鉴别[12]。输尿管翕室、肾盂肾盏的扩张憩室常导致含有131I的尿液在局部滞留,CT影像上憩室为局部突出管壁外的囊状组织,囊腔与相应管腔相通,SPECT/CT可以鉴别诊断[13]

1.4 女性生殖系统疾病

生育期女性处于特殊的生理周期,如果含有131I 的经血在生殖道滞留,全身131I显像便可出现局灶性增高影,如阴道横隔、处女膜闭锁[14]和经期的子宫[15],因此生育期女性做全身131I显像时需询问其月经史。子宫颈、卵巢、子宫内膜、胎盘等组织器官内存在NIS表达,可摄取131I,正常妊娠囊摄取131I也可能是NIS表达引起的[16]

1.5 其他脏器囊肿

肝囊肿[17]、肾囊肿[18]、肠系膜上皮囊肿[19]、卵巢囊肿[20]、纳博特囊肿[21]均可摄取131I,其可能与囊肿上皮组织被动扩散和部分主动转运引起131I在局部滞留有关。

2 腹盆部良、恶性肿瘤 2.1 胃肠道系统肿瘤

胃腺癌由胃腺体细胞恶变而来,其可表达NIS,故其原发灶、肝转移灶和骨转移灶等均具有摄取131I的能力[22]

2.2 女性生殖系统肿瘤

子宫肌瘤可摄取131I,但原因不明[23]。Elgazzar等[24]研究发现,行99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像时子宫肌瘤显影,从而得出子宫肌瘤的毛细血管渗透性异常,显像剂渗漏使子宫肌瘤显影的结论,提示其摄取131I的可能性。寇莹等[25]对168例女性DTC患者的Rx-WBS图像进行回顾性分析后发现,当女性甲状腺癌患者的Rx-WBS图像在盆腔内子宫所在的大致位置出现131I明显浓聚时,多与子宫相关,膀胱因素相对少见。当浓聚定位到子宫时,排除生理性摄取,多提示相关的妇科疾病,以子宫肌瘤多见。畸胎瘤属胚芽细胞瘤,发源于胚胎的原始胚芽细胞,大多由多个胚层组织构成,有些含有甲状腺组织,其摄取131I的能力与功能性的NIS表达丰富有关[26]。卵巢甲状腺瘤摄取131I与其含有甲状腺组织,NIS表达丰富有关[27]。卵巢浆液性囊性腺瘤[28]、卵巢黏液性囊性腺瘤[29]可摄取131I,也因肿瘤组织NIS表达丰富及含131I分泌物局部潴留有关。卵巢颗粒细胞瘤摄取131I可能是由于炎症组织中的非特异性结合,或者肿瘤细胞中NIS的存在[30]

2.3 腹盆部其他肿瘤

在良、恶性肿瘤组织内常伴有白细胞、巨噬细胞等的浸润,肿瘤的炎性微环境影响着肿瘤的发生发展及浸润转移[31-32],因此肿瘤的炎性反应可能是某些肿瘤(如恶性纤维组织细胞瘤)摄取131I的机制之一[33]。腹部神经来源的肿瘤也可以摄取131I,如神经鞘瘤[34],其可能是由于炎症组织中的非特异性结合,且其内131I清除速度快于甲状腺组织。

3 人为因素

许多人为因素可以导致腹盆部131I摄取,因此DTC患者显像前的准备工作非常必要,如先喝一杯水再行全身131I显像可以减少131I在食道内滞留;显像前1 h含服酸性糖果或者维生素C,加速唾液分泌,可以减少131I在唾液腺内滞留;显像前几天大量饮水充分水化、适当使用泻药,可以减少131I在泌尿系统和胃肠道内滞留。患者在显像前洗澡可以减少甚至避免体表131I污染导致的假阳性表现。对于全身131I显像中可疑病灶的定位,在全身前后位影像的基础上行侧位和(或)SPECT/CT融合影像也是非常必要的。

目前,18F-FDG PET显像与颈部彩超、CT相比优越性不大,因此各类指南均未将18F-FDG PET应用于DTC的诊断和术前分期等。但已知或怀疑为侵袭性甲状腺癌,如Hurthle细胞癌、未分化癌以及碘疗后失分化的患者,18F-FDG显像有助于预后判断,发现远处转移,改变患者的TNM分期,优化治疗方案[35]。Ruhlmann等[36]研究发现124I PET/CT显像和131I SPECT/CT显像对摄取131I的甲状腺癌转移灶的检出率具有高度一致性,124I PET/CT可用于指导DTC患者个体化治疗方案的设计和诊断分期。

DTC患者的详细病史包括体格检查、近期其他影像学检查,检验结果对进行腹盆部131I显像假阳性的鉴别诊断非常重要。通过询问患者的详细病史可以了解患者是否有囊肿、肿瘤及感染性疾病的存在。如果怀疑是DTC转移灶或复发灶,必须结合患者的甲状腺球蛋白和甲状腺球蛋白抗体水平,其对判断患者是否为假阳性病变也起到一定的指导作用。如果甲状腺球蛋白和甲状腺球蛋白抗体水平很低或检测不到,那么影像中的131I浓聚灶考虑为假阳性的概率明显增大[17]

4 小结

综上所述,DTC患者行腹盆部131I显像时,生理性因素、病理性因素及人为因素所致的假阳性结果涉及不同原因和机制,给准确评估DTC病情带来了不便,因此正确认识各部位假阳性病灶摄取的机制,结合SPECT/CT融合图像准确定位,可以为临床提供准确的信息和帮助。

利益冲突 本研究由署名作者按以下贡献声明独立开展,不涉及任何利益冲突。

作者贡献声明 钞卫光负责查阅相关文献及文章的撰写;张晶负责查阅相关文献;陆克义负责撰写思路的提出、设计与论文的审阅。

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